ABSTRACT
Recently, with the increasing demand of Chinese medicinal materials production, the use of pesticides during cultivation has also increased, which caused seriously pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials. At present, pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials have resulted in severe impacts on quality, safe usage and export of Chinese medicinal materials. This article reviews the research progress on three major pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials over the past ten years, and the data showed that the residual situation of organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides and pyrethroid pesticides in Chinese medicinal materials are still serious, but the research status is not optimistic. Meanwhile, the statistical result from current feasible pesticide removal methods showed that the usage frequency of physical method is higher than that of chemical removal method, in addition, biological methods have not yet popularized in Chinese medicinal materials. Furthermore, different pesticide removal methods were evaluated according to the characteristics of pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials and the particularity of each method. As a result, a pesticide removal method by using genetic engineering technology that is green, efficient and environmental friendly was recommended, which won’t destroy the active ingredients of Chinese medicinal materials. The feasible measures to improve pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials are prospected in this article.
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Objective To investigate the level and relevant factors of pyrethroid pesticide exposure among pregnant women during the first trimester in rural areas of Yunnan province,and to provide basic data for further study and provide a basis for the formulation of intervention measures to reduce exposure.Methods According to the birth cohort of rural Yunnan built in 2014, pregnant women in the first trimester were recruited in two townships of an agricultural county who were confirmed pregnant and continued pregnancy in antenatal clinics. The concentration of the metabolites of the pesticides in the urine of women was determined by super high performance liquid chromatography and the contact status of pyrethroid pesticides was analyzed using a questionnaire survey. Results A total of 419 women in the first trimester were surveyed and 94.51% of women detected at least one of the pyrethroid metabolites, among which the detection rates of 3－Phenoxybenzoic acid (3－PBA), cis－/trans－3－ (2, 2－Dichloroethenyl)－2, 2－dimethyl－cyclopropanecarboxylate (cis－/trans－DCCA) and 4－fluoro－3－phenoxybenzoic acid (4－F－3－PBA) were 79.47%, 62.05% and 24.58%,and the median concentrations were 3.53 ng/mL, 14.80 ng/m L and less than the minimum detection limit 0.4 ng/m L.Only 12 people (2.95%) reported that they had exposure to pesticides.Self－reported exposure rate was not consistent with the actual exposure rate.Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the season was a factor affecting the level of three metabolites in women in the first trimester. Higher lever was found in women in spring (t=2.147,P=0.032), summer (t=2.144,P=0.035) and winter (t=2.453,P=0.015) compared to those in autumn.Conclusion Pyrethroid pesticides were widely exposed in the pregnant women in rural areas of Yunnan province. Some women have higher exposure level, which is related to the season.
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The objective of this study is to generate broad spectrum monoclonal antibody ( mAb ) against a group of pyrethroid insecticides and to identify its immunological characteristics. The generic hapten 3-phenoxy-benzoic acid ( PBA) was conjugated to carrier protein BSA by activated ester method. Balb/c mice were immunized with PBA-BSA. The titer of polyclonal antibody ( pAb ) was detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) after five times immunization. The mouse with high titer and sensitivity was selected for cell fusing. The splenocytes of immunized mice were fused with Sp2/0 cells and the cultural supernatants of hybridoma cells were screened by indirect non-competitive ELISA based on the coating antigen PBA-ovoalbumin ( PBA-OVA ) . High-sensitivity and high-specificity mAb was prepared after subcloning using limiting dilution method. Purified mAb was obtained after purified by saturated ammonia sulfate precipitation and protein G affinity column. The immunological characteristics of mAb such as titer, antibody subtypes, affinity constant and the sensitivity to pyrethroid insecticides were characterized by indirect ELISA; The results of UV spectroscopy and SDS-PAGE showed that PBA-BSA artificial antigen was synthesized successfully. A hybridoma cell line (4H11) secreting anti-pyrethroid mAb was established. The titre of ascites was up to 1:6. 5×106, and the mAb was IgG1 subtype. The affinity constant of the mAb to PBA was about 2. 5×107 L/mol, with a IC50 value of 208. 83 μg/L and a detection limit of 21. 23 μg/L to PBA. Simultaneously, beta-cypermethrin, flucythrinate, cypermethrin and fenvalerate were sensitively recognized by the mAb with the IC50 of 1. 01, 2. 15, 3. 16 and 3. 67μg/L, respectively.
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Objective To establish a gas chromatography method for the determination of 50 organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides residues in Zigyphussp. Methods The organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides were extracted from Zigyphussp with solvents of acetonitrile (1%acetic acid) by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) for 5 min at 100℃. Then the extracts were cleaned up by alumina neutral-florisil column and eluted by mixed solvents of ethyl acetate and hexane (15∶85, V/V). The extract was separated by HP-5 and DB1701 capillary dual-column and detected by electron-capture detector. Results The average recoveries and RSD ranged from 71.4% to 110.9%and 1.2% to 14.1% respectively, at three spiked mixed organochlorine and pyrethroid levels. Conclusion The method has good separation and repeatability, and can be used in determination of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticide residues in Zigyphussp.
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Objective To investigate the organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticide residue in leafy vegetables on sale in Xi’an and to assess the safety of the leafy vegetables. Methods Eight kinds of leafy vegetables samples were collected at five wholesale markets and five supermarkets in Xi’an from 2007 to 2008. The content of 15 kinds of pesticides residues were analyzed by GC method and the evaluation was made according to GB 2763—2005. Results The rate of detection for the pesticides was 9.8% (465/4 725)and the disqualified rate was 1.2%(57/4 725).There was a significant seasonal difference in the detection rate of pesticides (P
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Objective To establish a method to determine dicofol and eight pyrethroid pesticides residues in vegetables and fruits by gas chromatography.Methods The crushed samples were extracted with organic solvent,then the extract was analyzed by DM-17 capillary column gas chromatography after being purified by PestiCarb-NH2 cartridge and silica cartridge solid phase extraction.Results The detection curve covered the linear range of 0.10-2.0 ?g/ml .The minimum detection limit was 0.011-0.090 ?g/kg.The rates of recovery were 85.4%-105%.The variable coefficient(RSD) was under 7.0%.Conclusion This method has the advantages of less disturb, simple and high accuracy, and it can be applicable to the routine analysis of dicofol and pyrethroid pesticides residues.